Alcohol, however, is not miscible with paraffin (something that is miscible can mix well with another substance). Since it naturally occurs in petroleum, it is not surprising that it is also found in gasoline and jet fuel. Xylene is used as a feedstock in the production of petrol. The principal mechanism of detoxification is oxidation to methylbenzoic acid and hydroxylation to hydroxylene. The second ranked application involves its disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene. It Is a Powerful Solvent. Paraxylene, also called p-xylene, is a chemical essential to the process of manufacturing PET plastic bottles, x-ray film and polyester fiber. They are all colorless, flammable liquids, some of which are of great industrial value. [1][4] Commercial or laboratory-grade xylene produced usually contains about 40-65% of m-xylene and up to 20% each of o-xylene, p-xylene and ethylbenzene. Xylene, any of three isomeric dimethylbenzenes [which have the same chemical formula, C 6 H 4 (CH 3) 2, but different molecular structure], used as solvents, as components of aviation fuel, and as raw materials for the manufacture of dyes, fibres, and films. Xylene occurs While there are proposed alternatives to xylene in tissue processing, it is still considered the best chemical for tissue processing and staining purposes. ZSM-5 is used to facilitate some isomerization reactions leading to mass production of modern plastics. If xylene comes in contact with the eyes, it can damage the cornea. Even smelling it can affect major organs. 2. Paraxylene is one of the three isomers of xylene. Xylene. Xylene is used as a solvent. In the petroleum industry, xylene is also a frequent component of paraffin solvents, used when the tubing becomes clogged with paraffin wax. Figures in the table less than 1.0 indicate performance superior to xylene and figures in the table greater than 1.0 indicate performance inferior to xylene. Paraxylene boasts a number of uses in the polymer industry. It may seem odd, but solvents are chemical composites that are similar on … [18][19], The side effects of exposure to low concentrations of xylene (< 200 ppm) are reversible and do not cause permanent damage. These conversions are catalyzed by zeolites.[1]. Any ingestion by mouth should be taken very seriously as well by quickly obtaining medical aid. Children are more greatly affected by xylene than adults, so extraordinary care must be taken to prevent their exposure. There is very little information available that isolates xylene from other solvent exposures in the examination of these effects. The demand for isophthalic acid is relatively modest so m-xylene is rarely sought (and hence the utility of its conversion to the o- and p-isomers). Xylene can react with strong acids and oxidizers. It is a good cleaning agent for silicon wafers, steel and to sterilize many substances. Xylene is used in the production of terephthalic acid monomer. Commercial or mixed xylene usually contains about 40-65% m-xylene and up to 20% each of o-xylene and p-xylene and ethylbenzene. The mixture is referred to as both xylene and, more precisely, xylenes. The melting point ranges from −47.87 Â°C (−54.17 Â°F) (m-xylene) to 13.26 Â°C (55.87 Â°F) (p-xylene)—as usual, the para isomer's melting point is much higher because it packs more readily in the crystal structure. Isomers of xylene are used in the manufacture of certain polymers (chemical compounds), such as plastics. However, toluene is considered as a toxic compound. p-Xylene is the principal precursor to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, both monomers used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles and polyester clothing. Xylene is also used as: - Cleaning Agent - Paint Thinner and Remover - Varnish - Airplane Fuel - Gasoline - Shellac - Rust Preventatives - Pesticides - Lacquers. In tissue processing, tissue has to be embedded in a medium (such as paraffin) to support it and allow it to be cut without damaging the tissue. Xylene is also used as a cleaner. If the excess antiquing release was thoroughly removed before the original seal coat was applied * , the best way to fix sealer problems is to fill a pail with xylene, and use a natural-bristle brush (on a broom handle) to scrub the xylene onto the surface. Xylene is used in some glue. Dianne features science as well as writing topics on her website, jdiannedotson.com. It is used as a solvent, in jet fuel, and in the manufacture of dyes, fibers, perfumes, and films. Also, any xylene vapor trapped in clothing can affect helpers. P-xylene-2-sulfonic acid is soluble in ethanol. Xylene is a component of lubricants in motor oil, paints and paint thinners, polishes, waxes, antifreeze, sealants, adhesives, and even gasoline and cigarettes. Xylenes are an important petrochemical produced by catalytic reforming and also by coal carbonisation in the manufacture of coke fuel. In dentistry, xylene can be used to dissolve gutta percha, a material used for endodontics (root canal treatments). The best protective measures you can take around xylene are to work in a properly ventilated environment, such as a hood that vents quickly outside the area; a respirator mask as needed; and to wear proper protective eye goggles, gloves, protective clothes and aprons. Xylene’s powerful solvent properties are used in printing, rubber and leather processing. [2], Xylene was first isolated and named in 1850 by the French chemist Auguste Cahours (1813–1891), having been discovered as a constituent of wood tar. Xylene can enter the environment when it is made, packaged, shipped, or used. Chemical formula: C8H10. Xylene is an excellent solvent, especially for aromatic solids such as asphaltic materials. [5][6][7] The ratio of isomers can be shifted to favor the highly valued p-xylene via the patented UOP-Isomar process[8] or by transalkylation of xylene with itself or trimethylbenzene. Xylene is used in some glue. uses In chemical industry: Xylene Ortho -xylene is used mostly to produce phthalic anhydride, an important intermediate that leads principally to various coatings and plastics. Xylene, also called xylol, dimethyl benzene, Violet 3, and methyl toluene, is an isomer that can be found in three forms. [1] In 2011, a global consortium began construction of one of the world's largest xylene plants in Singapore. You can see that naphthenic solvents are the only substitutes for xylene that outperform xylene itself. Additional uses of xylene include its addition to pesticides and disinfectants. Xylene can be applied in three ways, all of which depend on the antiquing and/or cleaning method used when the concrete was stamped. It’s used in the petroleum and wood processing industries. [27][28], Terephthalic acid and related derivatives, Solvent applications and industrial purposes. Xylene is a component of lubricants in motor oil, paints and paint thinners, polishes, waxes, antifreeze, sealants, adhesives, and even gasoline and cigarettes. The chief use of p-xylene-2-sulfonic acid is as a reagent to determine serum cholesterol levels. Xylene (from Greek ξύλο, xylo, "wood"), xylol or dimethylbenzene is any one of three isomers of dimethylbenzene, or a combination thereof. With the formula (CH3)2C6H4 Solvent applications and industrial purposes Xylene is used as a solvent. Because xylene is heavier than air, it can reside in pockets near the ground. Xylene and its compounds are used in many industries, in medicine, in dentistry, and can even be found in household products. J. Dianne Dotson is a science writer with a degree in zoology/ecology and evolutionary biology. Xylene is used as a solvent for printing, rubber, and leather industries. [1] As with many alkylbenzene compounds, xylenes form complexes with various halocarbons. By counting the carbon atoms around the ring starting from one of the ring carbons bonded to a methyl group, and counting towards the second methyl group, the o-isomer has the IUPAC name of 1,2-dimethylbenzene, the m-isomer is 1,3-dimethylbenzene and the p-isomer is 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Breathing in xylene can cause dizziness, nausea, fainting, headache and even vomiting. Information on xylene, for use in responding to chemical incidents. 98% of p-xylene production, and half of all xylenes produced is consumed in this manner. Klean-Strip® Xylene . At an exposure of 100 ppm, one may experience nausea or a headache. [26][27] The presence of methylhippuric acid can be used as a biomarker to determine exposure to xylene. As nouns the difference between toluene and xylene is that toluene is (organic compound) a colourless, inflammable liquid hydrocarbon, methylbenzene, ch 3 c 6 h 5, used as a solvent, in high-octane fuels and in the production of many chemical compounds while xylene is (chemistry) any of a group of three isomeric aromatic hydrocarbons, di-methyl-benzene, found in coal and wood tar. One of the chief uses of xylene is as a lubricant, and it is so used in motor oil or brake fluid. There are not many broad uses for p-xylene-2-sulfonic acid. Like the individual isomers, the mixture is colorless, sweet-smelling, and highly flammable. While xylene serves many valuable uses across multiple industries, it comes with its own risks to those who work closely with this chemical compound. What is Xylene Used for? Long-term exposure may lead to headaches, irritability, depression, insomnia, agitation, extreme tiredness, tremors, hearing loss, impaired concentration and short-term memory loss. In terms of volume, xylene is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov. lol n. 1. For similar reasons, it is often the active ingredient in commercial products for ear wax (cerumen) removal.(1). A lifelong writer, Dianne is also a content manager and science fiction & fantasy novelist. Increased xylene additives are added to gasoline to increase the octane level. The sickly sweet-smelling chemical xylene is a volatile organic hydrocarbon. In drilling mud testing, a 50/50 xylene/ isopropanol (IPA) mixture had been used to break oil-mud emulsions prior to titrations to measure alkalinity , chloride and calcium. Once the sections are prepared, they are usually stained, to help distinguish the components of the tissue. Most xylene that is accidentally released evaporates into the air, although some is released into rivers or lakes. Xylene is primarily used as a solvent (a liquid that can dissolve other substances), particularly in the printing, rubber and leather industries. CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal: Xylenes, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Xylene: An Overview of Its Health Hazards and Preventive Measures, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Kerosene: Contributing Agent to Xylene as a Clearing Agent in Tissue Processing, Business Wire: Global Paraxylene Market 2017-2022: High Demand for Polyethylene Terephthalate – Research and Markets, MP Biomedicals, LLC: p-xylene-2-sulfonic Acid. They are all colorless, flammable liquids, some of which are of great industrial value. This helps with slide staining so that features of the tissue are more easily viewed under a microscope. Xylene is primarily used as a solvent (a liquid that can dissolve other substances), particularly in the printing, rubber and leather industries. Any of three colorless flammable isomeric benzene derivatives, C8H10, obtained from wood and coal tar. The reason xylene works so well for tissue processing is that it makes tissues transparent so that paraffin can fully envelop the tissue. The primary risks of xylene exposure include effects from inhalation or contact with the skin or eyes. It was named after xylong, the Greek word for wood, because it was found in crude wood spirit. [18], Xylenes are metabolized to methylhippuric acids. While it is unclear how xylene results in toxicity in the body, scientists think it could be because of high fat-solubility qualities. For instance chlorination of both methyl groups gives the corresponding xylene dichlorides (bis(chloromethyl)benzenes) whilst mono-bromination yields xylyl bromide, a tear gas agent used in World War I. Xylene is flammable but of modest acute toxicity, with LD50 ranges from 200 to 5000 mg/kg for animals. Xylene is a colorless liquid and vapor. [20][clarification needed] A condition called chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy, commonly known as "organic solvent syndrome" has been associated with xylene exposure. They also occur in crude oil in concentrations of about 0.5–1%, depending on the source. It is traditionally used in the leather, rubber, and paint industries, particularly as a solvent, a cleaning agent, and a paint thinner. The chemical formula for xylene is C8H10, or more specifically (C6H4)(CH3)2. It is also found in small proportions in gasoline and jet fuel. Small quantities occur in gasoline and aircraft fuels. It is flammable at room temperature. It is known for being a major component of plastic soda bottles, detergent bottles, bottles for various household cleaners and makeup. Published 1 July 2014 Last updated 31 January 2019 — see all updates. [1], Xylenes are produced by the methylation of toluene and benzene. It is primarily used as a solvent to remove paint, oil, grease, marker, and ink. However, prolonged exposure to xylene can be hazardous to the health of the user, and it is recommended to seek alternatives to avoid unsafe conditions. [10] The complexes of different isomers often have dramatically different properties from each other.[11]. Other synonyms for xylene are dimethyl benzene, methyl toluene, xylol and mixed xylenes. Xylene is found in small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline. This makes paraxylene absolutely essential in the production of polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. Meta-xylene is a main component of commercial-grade xylene. [7][12] o-Xylene is an important precursor to phthalic anhydride. High-octane gas costs more as it increases the power in your engine. The use of impervious gloves and masks, along with respirators where appropriate, is recommended to avoid occupational health issues from xylene exposure. The least valued of the isomers is meta -xylene, but it has uses in the manufacture of coatings and plastics. It is used in orographic film and x-rays. Paraxylene is used to make terephthalic acid, or TPA; purified terephthalic acid, or PTA; and dimethyl-terephthalate, or DMT. Those who work regularly with xylene should be given routine medical examinations, and have body fluids monitored. Not intended for sale or use in California. WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including Ethylbenzene and Cumene, which are known to the State of California to cause cancer. Although conversion to terephthalic acid is the dominant chemical conversion, xylenes are precursors to other chemical compounds. It is listed as a sulfonic acid and is considered a biochemical. [1], The main effect of inhaling xylene vapor is depression of the central nervous system (CNS), with symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. The density of each isomer is around 0.87 g/mL (7.26 lb/U.S. More research is needed to determine the method of toxicity. The PET in turn is a chief ingredient in various plastic fibers and films. This smell can be detected in air concentrations as low as one part per million (PPM)! Xylene, xylol or dimethylbenzene is any one of three isomers of dimethylbenzene, or a combination thereof. Exposed individuals should be removed from the contamination, and medical assistance should be sought. Always review material safety data sheets in areas that use xylene and other powerful chemicals. Acute (short- It is manufactured as a white crystalline powder. Xylene is used as a solvent, clearing agent, lubricant, precursor to polyester and much more. With water the azeotrope consists of 60% xylenes and boils at 94.5 Â°C. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done. The nauseatingly sweet smell of xylene serves as a warning for its toxic nature. Nitration. b) Also compute the air required if the operation is carried out in Qm= For example, when painting with lacquer, the wash of choice would be lacquer thinner. [18], Hearing disorders have been also linked to xylene exposure, both from studies with experimental animals,[21][22] as well as clinical studies. Xylene is used, to a lesser extent, as a material in the chemical, plastics, and synthetic fiber industries and as an ingredient in the coating of fabrics and papers. Xylene can also cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and in high doses, death. p -Xylene is used as a feedstock in the production of terephthalic acid, which is a monomer used in the production ofpolymers. P-xylene-2-sulfonic acid, also called 2,5-Dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid, is a sulfur compound containing xylene. Documents. In this case it is used as clearing agent. The major use of meta -xylene is in the production of isophthalic acid, which is used as a copolymerizing monomer to alter the properties of polyethylene terephthalate. Xylene is a volatile organic hydrocarbon used across many industries including medicine, dentistry and plastics. Similarly it is a cleaning agent for … The mixture is referred to as both xylene and, more precisely, xylenes. Solvent xylene often contains a small percentage of ethylbenzene. What is Xylene? Xylene is one of the top chemicals produced in the U.S., and it is commonly derived from crude petroleum. Because xylene is so efficient at removing fats, any contact with the skin will have the same effect. Areas of application include the printing, rubber, and leather industries. Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. These tissues can then be used in microscopy. Xylene consists of a benzene ring with two methyl (CH3) groups attached, and occurs in three isomeric forms. In this application, with a mixture of isomers, it is often referred to as xylenes or xylol. Precursor to benzene and xylene. Workers may be harmed from exposure to xylene. The table below compares all the major types of xylene substitutes side by side. Several million tons are produced annually. Of the three isomers, the p-isomer is the most industrially sought after since it can be oxidized to terephthalic acid. People should take care around xylene, due to its inhalation and irritant risks. It is a common component of ink, rubber, and adhesives. Paraxylene uses include precursor raw material for other substances. Xylene is an organic compound having the chemical formula (CH 3) 2 C 6 H 4. A fourth isomer is ethylbenzene. You can add xylene yourself to increase the octane level in your gas. The continued versatility of paraxylene ensures its continued demand. [6], Xylenes form azeotropes with water and a variety of alcohols. Therefore it is wise to remove persons from low-lying areas near the xylene contamination. In thinning paints and varnishes, it can be substituted for toluene where slower drying is desired. Xylene is a colorless mixture of chemically-related hydrocarbons that often finds use as a solvent for paints and printing inks. Xylene is used in many industries. The paraffin technique is the most commonly used. The isomers can be distinguished by the designations ortho- (o-), meta- (m-) and para- (p-), which specify to which carbon atoms (of the benzene ring) the two methyl groups are attached. Nitration of toluene give mono-, di-, and trinitrotoluene, all of which are widely used. With the formula (CH3)2C6H4, each of the three compounds has a central benzene ring with two methyl groups attached at substituents. Other drastic symptoms might include tremors, heart arrhythmias and pulmonary edema. In histology, xylene is used to process and stain tissues. Xylene is a petroleum-based synthetic chemical that is colorless, flammable, and produces a sweet odor. Martindale, David C. and Kuchar, Paul J., "Recherches sur les huiles légéres obtenues dans la distillation du bois", Production of xylenes from light aliphatic hydrocarbons via dehydrocyclodimerization and methylation, "Xylene (Mixed Isomers), Air Toxic Hazard Summary)", "Xylene: An overview of its health hazards and preventive measures", Paraxylene-Orthoxylene | Prices, News & Market Analysis, Appendix I, Painting Conservation Catalog, "Auditory neuropathy in a patient exposed to xylene: case report", "HIPPURIC and METHYL HIPPURIC ACIDS in urine", "Measurement by gas chromatography of urinary hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid as indices of toluene and xylene exposure", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylene&oldid=996198659, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 02:38. 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Pulmonary edema the power in your gas of neurons, and leather industries is colorless, flammable liquids some., headache and even vomiting then used to remove persons from low-lying areas near the ground isolates xylene from solvent... Review material safety data sheets in areas that use xylene and, more precisely xylenes... Sweet-Smelling, and occurs in petroleum, it is made, packaged, shipped, or DMT add xylene to... Meta-Xylene and paraxylene ) removal. ( 1 ) on top of denser water if combined 1.